乌鲁木齐市两污水厂处理工艺及出水水质比较

对乌鲁木齐市两家污水处理厂的工艺进行比较,分析这两厂出水水质的基本理化性质和重金属的形态。结果表明:甲厂采用不完全的"AB法工艺",对SS、COD Cr和BOD5有较强的处理效果,而总磷和氨氮去除效果不明显。其中,SS、COD Cr、BOD5、总磷和氨氮的去除率分别为43%,66%,74%,44%,48%。乙厂采用氧化沟工艺,对进水中的SS、COD Cr、BOD5、总磷和氨氮均有良好的去除效果,相应的去除率依次为81%,94%,96%,96%,88%。两厂出水中Cd含量虽未超标,但均以水溶态为主,两厂的工艺对Cd无去除效果。甲厂的出水水中Pb含量低于进水中Pb含量,但乙厂进水和出水中Pb含量无显著差异,均以水溶态为主。两厂出水中Zn含量下降,Cu含量无显著变化。     

城市废水暴露对食蚊鱼肝脏EROD酶活性的影响

采用动力学酶标荧光法,检测了东莞市数所污水处理厂、制药厂和电子厂废水对食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)肝组织中7-ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase(EROD)酶活性的影响,评价了运用EROD酶活性监测水环境污染物的生物效应的可行性。结果显示,食蚊鱼分别暴露于经稀释为20%,40%,60%,80%不同梯度的废水液72 h后,肝脏EROD酶的活性分别与受试城市污水处理厂、制药厂和电子厂的废水之间存在剂量效应关系,EROD酶活性随污水浓度的增加而提高。电子厂废水的最大诱导倍数与对照组的比值可达到5.26,这表明其水体中存在的有机污染物较多,污水处理厂次之,制药厂的出水中污染物最少。研究表明,食蚊鱼肝组织EROD酶活性可以作为监测城市废水污染的理想生物标记物,后续的研究工作应使之标准化。     

猪场建设中“水”问题的探讨

给水及排水是在猪场规划建设时就应该统筹考虑的重大问题。从给水工程设计和废水处理两方面探讨了猪场建设中所涉及的"水"问题,介绍了水源、水量、水质、水温控制、施工要点、废水处理方式等诸多细节,以供同行参考。     

Dietary microbial phytase supplementation and the utilization of phosphorus, trace minerals and protein by rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)] fed soybean meal-based diets

Effects of thermal and enzymatic treatments of soybean meal on apparent absorption of total phosphorus, phytate phosphorus, nitrogen (protein), ash, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, strontium and zinc were examined using rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), as the test species. Absorption of the test nutrients was estimated using yttrium as an inert non-absorbable indicator. Thermal treatments (microwaving, dry roasting, steam heating, cooking) had no measurable effect on the apparent absorption of phosphorus and other minerals. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent absorption of phosphorus, nitrogen (protein), ash, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, strontium and zinc in low-ash diets containing soybean meal, but had little effect in high-ash diets containing both soybean and fish meal. In low-ash diets, the apparent absorption of phosphorus increased in accord with the level of phytase added to the diet, from 27% (no phytase added) up to 90% (phytase added, 4000 units kg⁻¹ diet) or 93% (predigested with phytase, 200 units kg⁻¹ soybean meal). In high-ash diets, dietary acidification with citric acid decreased the effect of phytase, whereas in low-ash diets, acidification markedly increased the effect of the enzyme. Excretion of phosphorus in the faeces of fish fed a low-ash diet containing phytase-treated soybean meal was 0.32 g per kg diet consumed, a 95%−98% reduction compared with phosphorus excretion by fish consuming commercial trout feeds.     

盐碱地高盐废水电解脱氯同步制氢特性

就近利用风光能电解盐碱地治理过程中产生的高盐废水,是同步实现风光消纳、废水处理和H2/Cl2生产的有效途径。然而,盐碱地治理废水盐浓度较低且盐离子种类众多,直接电解严重影响脱氯制氢效率。通过开展盐碱地治理废水的电解试验研究,讨论了盐浓度及不同除杂工艺对废水脱氯制氢特性的影响规律。结果表明,不同盐浓度废水电解的H2/Cl2产率与电流密度呈线性关系,且产H2速率稍大于产Cl2速率。电流密度和pH值均随盐浓度升高先增大后减小,废水中盐浓度为3.5 mol/L时,电解后最终电流密度和阴极的pH值均最大,电解效果最优。添加Ca(OH)2对废水进行电解前除杂,可将浓缩废水中Ca2+、Mg2+和SO42-浓度分别降低至0.02 、0.1 和0.2 mol/L。电解过程中通入CO2能够进一步降低杂质离子对废水电解的不利影响,使电解脱氯制氢性能提升10%左右,研究结果可为高盐废水处理提供理论支持。     

Nitrogen Removal Improvement by Adding Peat in Deep Soil of Su bsu rface Wastewater Infiltration System

In order to enhance the nitrogen removal, a subsurface wastewater infiltration system （SWIS） was improved by adding peat in deep soil as carbon source for denitrification process. The effects of addition of carbon source in the underpart of the SWIS on nitrogen removal at different influents （with the total nitrogen （TN） concentration 40 and 80 mg L^-1, respectively） were investigated by soil column simulating experiments. When the relatively light pollution influent with 40 mg L^-1 TN was used, the average concentrations of NO3-N and TN in effluents were （4.69±0.235）, （6.18±0.079） mg L^-1, respectively, decreased by 32 and 30.8% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents was below the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg L^-1; as high as 92.67% of the TN removal efficiency was achieved. When relatively heavy pollution influent with 80 mg LITN was used, the average concentrations of NO3--N and TN in effluents were （10.2±0.265）, （12.5±0.148） mg L^-1 respectively, decreased by 20 and 21.2% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents met the grade Ⅲ of the national quality standard for ground water of China （GB/T 14848-1993） with the values less than 20 mg L^-1; the TN removal efficiency of 94.1% was achieved. In summary, adding peat in the underpart of the SWIS significantly decreased TN and NO3- -N concentration in effluents and the nitrogen removal efficiency improved significantly.     

循环水养殖中不同载体生物滤器的水质净化效果分析

为比较3种不同滤料在封闭循环水养殖中水体净化效果,通过构建3套封闭循环水养殖试验系统,分析了在相同体积的滤器中毛刷滤料、移动床滤料和结构滤料3种不同生物滤料对生物过滤硝化作用效果的影响.结果表明,在一定体积的生物滤器中（HRT 10.5min,水温24 ～30℃下）3种滤料对总氨氮（TAN）去除率的影响差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但单位滤料体积的TAN去除速率（VTR）差异较大.毛刷滤料、移动床滤料、结构滤料等3种滤料的VTR平均值分别为：（18.66±9.30）、（62.19±30.49）和（16.34±7.87）g/（m3·d）.不同运行方式对VTR有极显著影响,移动床的VTR明显高于毛刷滤料与结构滤料的固定床式生物滤器,差异极显著（P＜0.01）.     

微波无极紫外光助Fenton处理农药废水

研究了微波无极紫外(MWEUV)光助Fenton法对有机农药废水的强化降解作用,比较了单独MW、单独Fenton、紫外汞灯光助Fenton(UV/Fenton)和MWEUV光助Fenton(MWEUV/Fenton)4种体系的处理效果,考察了初始pH、H2O2投加量和Fe2+投加量对COD降解率的影响。结果表明,MWEUV比紫外汞灯具有更高的强化降解作用。在H2O2投加量为60 mmol/L,Fe2+投加量为0.5 mmol/L,初始pH为2~5的条件下,有机农药废水可被完全降解。     

小城镇废水资源化利用模式及对策研究——以临沂市河东区八湖镇为例

针对我国农村环境逐步恶化、小城镇污染加剧、乡镇企业分散,治理难度较大的现实,以循环经济为理念,以可持续发展为核心,对小城镇废水资源化利用模式和策略进行了探讨,提出了合理利用农村广大湿地资源,处理小城镇企业废水和生活污水,使废水资源化循环利用的生态循环经济模式.以临沂市河东区八湖镇为例,构建了利用湿地资源处理小城镇废水发展循环经济模式的具体框架,并提出了八湖镇发展循环经济,废水资源化利用需要采取的六条措施和对策.     

高浓度氨氮废水的处理技术及发展趋势

高浓度氨氮废水的现有处理技术主要有物化法（吹脱、萃取、沉淀等）和生物强化处理,各种技术均有成熟规范和工程实例,但能耗、效率和二次污染问题始终限制着高浓度氨氮废水的处理.新技术中超声技术和电化学法的能耗也较高,其研究方向在机理和过程;高级氧化去除氨氮的过程仍在研究的起步阶段,过程和影响因素均不明;而微波技术由于节能高效已经进入了中试阶段,是高浓度氨氮废水处理的可行方案,但仍需解决微波设备与处理水量的放大问题.